The first ones weren't used at all for people, but for hoisting animals up a level—in Archimedes' time, one cab could carry the weight of two lions. Bales of hay, lumber, stone from quarries. Massive in its design, the Colosseum supposedly had 25 working elevators, though that isn't what they were called back in the day. An English architect in Liverpool installed the first paternosters, passenger elevators consisting of open compartments people could step in and out of, as they looped slowly up and down a system resembling a rosary chain inside a building. The view from an outside elevator can be stunning, now that it's ubiquitous to modern urban life—326 meters up a cliff face in Zhangjiajie National Park, or even just 12 storeys above the atrium of the Hyatt Terraces Hotel in Baguio before an earthquake in 1990 shuffled it like a deck of cards. From where I sit, head back and hazy, mouth open in the treatment chair, I hear the oral surgeon ask his assistant to hand him the tooth elevator and forceps #3; then he proceeds to crank the offending molar out of its gummy bed. It gives, but only after much effort. Finally the ailing roots come out of their depth: amazing how such a little thing sent shock waves of pain through every part of the interior.